This breed association suggests that there is a genetic basis for MMVD in the CKCS. The cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS) breed has a particularly high prevalence of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), with earlier development and a more rapid progression to severe end-stage disease compared to most other dog breeds. Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is very common in elderly dogs of all genetic backgrounds. Identification of genes that vary in the CKCS will allow exploration of genetic variation to understand the aetiology of the disease in this breed, and ultimately development of breeding strategies to eliminate this disease from the breed. These genes are associated with cardiomyocytes, coagulation and extra-cellular matrix remodelling. Transcriptomic profiling identified gene expression changes in CKCS diseased valves that were not present in age and disease severity-matched non-CKCS valves. A large number of genes that were differentially expressed in the CKCS diseased valves compared with normal valves and diseased valves from other breeds were associated with cardiomyocytes including CASQ2, TNNI3 and RYR2. F2 (prothrombin) (CKCS diseased valves compared to normal) and MEF2C pathway activation (CKCS diseased valves compared to non-CKCS diseased valves) had the strongest association with the gene changes.
Analysis of differentially expressed genes showed enrichment in GO terms relating to cardiac development and function and to calcium signalling canonical pathway in the genes down-regulated in the diseased valves from CKCS, compared to normal valves and to diseased valves from other breeds.
Patterns in all diseased valves (from CKCS and other breeds) were also somewhat different from normal non-diseased samples. Gene expression patterns in diseased valves from CKCS dogs were quite different from those in the valves from other dogs, both affected and normal. Gene expression patterns in three groups of canine valves resulted in distinct separation of normal valves, diseased valves from CKCS and diseased valves from other breeds the latter were more similar to the normal valves than were the valves from CKCS. The aim of this study was to determine whether expression patterns were different in mitral valves showing myxomatous degeneration from CKCS dogs compared to valves from non-CKCS dogs. Transcriptional profiling can reveal the impact of genetic variation through differences in gene expression levels. The investigation has shown that a standard simulation is accurate to only reproduce the thermal response in a free-floating regime instead, the detailed simulation has led to overall cooling and heating energy needs in the continuous regime, respectively, of 51.4 kWh/m 3 and 49.1 kWh/m 3, avoiding to obtain very high errors.Almost all elderly dogs develop myxomatous mitral valve disease by the end of their life, but the cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS) has a heightened susceptibility, frequently resulting in death at a young age and suggesting that there is a genetic component to the condition in this breed. The main parameters affecting the greenhouse thermal balance were investigated in both a free-floating and continuous regime.
#TRNSYS SKETCHUP SOFTWARE#
This work aims to overcome this gap by proposing a reference methodology to accommodate the building TRNSYS software for a greenhouse able to consider simultaneously different thermal phenomena with detailed modelling of: dense volume discretization, 3D shortwave and longwave radiative exchange, air flow exchanges, presence of lamps with their exact 3D position, ground and plant evapotranspiration, and convective heat transfer coefficients.Ī standard hourly simulation of the one-zone greenhouse was validated with another recognized tool, showing excellent agreement throughout the year. The greenhouse simulation is still a very complex task despite many building tools are available in the literature. In the greenhouse envelope and system design phase, thermodynamic performance simulation tools are required. Greenhouse technology is an important energy consumer sector representing an indispensable solution for modern methods of crop production.
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